atlantoaxial subluxation

arthritic
- rheumatoid arthritis
- JRA
- psoriatic arthritis
- ankylosing spondylitis (late feature in 2%)
- lupus (SLE)
congenital
- Down syndrome (in 20%)
- Morquio disease
- atlanto-occipital fusion
- congenital absence/hypoplasia of dens (2/3 have h/o trauma)
infectious
- retropharyngeal abscess
traumatic

Charles E. Kahn, Jr., MD - 2 February 1995
Last updated: 1 October 2013